Do an analysis of the strategic capability of Toyota Manufacturing Essay

Do an analysis of the strategic capability of Toyota Manufacturing - Essay Example Hence the explanation of the manufacturing process will also include this factor with reference to cost efficiency. In drawbacks or absence (if any) of crucial elements will also be looked into. There is an irony that exists in the American automobile sector. While many companies are finding difficult to compete internationally due to high costs of production, Toyota’s manufacturing facility in the country continues to grow profitably. The TPS has been copied by many companies without real success. It is only for Toyota that the system works irrespective of the market in which operates in manufacturing bases. One single factor for the failure of others to match the Company is that they apply it only to some of the department, especially production and manufacturing. Toyota on the other hand â€Å"carefully describes its fabled system as an operating philosophy for guiding the management of an entire enterprise.† (Teresko, 2006). Unless the TPS becomes a philosophy and is applied throughout the organization, its success will be very limited. The key features that include resources of the Toyota Production System are given below. It should be noted that key manu facturing terms like just-in-time production, total quality management, lean and agile systems, re-engineering are all incorporated in this process. Toyota is also credited as the creator of the famous just-in-time system. 3. Focusing on the pull system: The pull system is one where raw materials are supplied only when it is needed by any area of production. They then pull the product from inventory or the previous production stage. When implemented throughout the process, there will be no overproduction of backlog in the plant. 4. If any problems are seen, the manufacturing within that sub-process is stopped until they are fixed. It is better to get the quality factor right at the production stage itself rather than recall an automobile after it has been sold. 6. The company depends on reliable and

Racial Ethnic And Religious Profiling in the U.S. Essay Example for Free

Racial Ethnic And Religious Profiling in the U.S. Essay In the United States, ‘The land of the Free’, racial profiling of minority groups seems all too common. Many Americans believe that law enforcement as well as many other people often discriminates on minority groups simply because of their color of their skin. Civil rights activist and many leaders of minority groups are pressuring Enforcement agencies to eliminate racial and ethnic profiling during traffic stops and supposed random pedestrian stops. However, many law enforcement representatives claim that the complaints about these activities are overstated and are simply in the heads of the accusers. As a nation with a history of racial slavery and racial segregation, particularly towards any group that is not Anglo-American or fair skinned, African-Americans have long complained of racial profiling. Although racial slavery has been over for over one hundred years, and segregation that ended over fifty years ago, there is still tension between many people over race. Hispanics and Muslims are two other ethnic groups that feel the racial profiling, often being suspected of being terrorists or being illegal immigrants. Racial profiling is not a new subject in America. Racial profiling dates back to the colonial days in America. The revolutionary era there was religious profiling of Quakers because they were seen as being unfaithful to the revolution. African Americans have been racially profiled since the days of Slavery. Mexicans and Latinos have been scrutinized and called out by law enforcement since around the time Texas gained its independence. 19th century immigration laws created ethnic and racial profiling against Asians and southern and eastern Europeans. In August of 1777 the Continental Congress ordered the arrests of multiple Quakers that were supposedly disloyal to the Revolution. The Continental Congress had no evidence, and there were no trials. Many of the prisoners were exiled to a Virginia jail. The captives were released from the imprisonment because of pleas from their families and from a few political leaders. During the Pre-Civil War era African-Americans made up about one sixth of the country’s population. The majority of those African-Americans were slaves, with the majority of them slaves in the South. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 had only a few things that protected actual free African-Americans. Slave hunters could legally capture the slaves that were able to escape. Free African-Americans had almost no immunity from being captured and treated as if they were runaway slaves. The new movie â€Å"12 Years a Slave† that recently came out in theatres shows how a free black man could be captured and sold into slavery without being able to prove their freedom, because of profiling any African-American as a slave. The end of slavery did not end the profiling of African-Americans. The Jim Crow era made segregation legal and seemingly right because of laws. The Jim Crow laws reinforced the belief that African-Americans were inferior to whites. Any African-Americans accused of committing a crime could be subject to unjust treatment by law enforcement and even unfair trials in court. One of the most heinous acts of racial profiling was the threat of racist vigilantes. According to the Tuskegee Institute, more than three thousand four hundred African-Americans were lynched from 1880 to 1950. Mexicans and Mexican-Americans were also victim to racial profiling since the days of the annexation of Texas from Mexico. In 1845 the Texas Rangers were formed and served as the nations first statewide police organization. According to the University of Texas’ del Carmen, the Texas Rangers committed many â€Å"brutal acts against Comanche tribes and thousands of Mexicans†. Many Mexican-Americans throughout the southwest United States and throughout most of Texas suffered from the same kind of racial segregation as African-Americans. In the 1930’s nearly 2 million Mexican-Americans were forced and aggressively pressured to leave the United States. In the late 19th century Federal immigration laws portrayed racial profiling by the national government. In 1875 one of the first Federal Immigration laws banned the entry of the country to many undesired Asian immigrants brought to the United States for forced labor and prostitution. In 1882 the Chinese Exclusion Act banned all immigration of Chinese laborers. Decades later the United States government put in action literacy tests to gain citizenship that were swayed to only help Europeans and not Asians or Latinos. On February 19th 1942 one of the most well known acts of racial profiling was committed. Under an executive order of president Franklin D. Roosevelt, the president ordered the internment of over 110,000 people mostly of Japanese descent following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The federal government believed that anyone of Japanese descent could be a threat to national security. Hundreds of thousands of innocent honest American citizens were forced into internment baffles me, considering that the government would never do that to White German-American citizens even though the main enemy of World War 2 was Germany. In the late 20th century racial and ethnic profiling became an important issue in the public eye. The African-American civil rights movement embodied the desire of African-Americans to be treated equally socially and under the treatment of law. After the Civil Rights movements, African-Americans and other minorities were being treated more fairly but still falling victim to racial profiling. The FBI and DEA perfected the â€Å"formal† art of racial profiling in the 1970’s. The DEA created a â€Å"profile† for supposed drug traffickers, which targeted African-Americans and people of Hispanic descent. The list of characteristics gave agents the right to randomly stop and search people matching the profile; legal racial profiling. In 1989 the Supreme Court granted permission to use those characteristics as probable cause to stop and search someone. Throughout the 1990’s racial profiling was an epidemic with law enforcement stops in the United States. Statistics show that African-Americans were the great majority of police drug stops. In Maryland during 1995, a man with the last name Wilkins filed a lawsuit against law enforcement to uncover hard evidence that African-Americans were being unfairly profiled. After a thorough investigation of the Maryland law enforcement, a state police â€Å"Criminal Intelligence Report† showed that there was a explicit profile for targeting African-Americans. The investigation actually uncovered that African-Americans were 72 percent of the stops made in the state. After the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 there was a new group in the United States being racially profiled, Middle Easterners and Muslims. The federal government, as well as the many of the American public became suspicious of anyone of Middle Eastern descent or anyone who practiced the Muslim religion. Although the vast majority of Muslims are peaceful, many people as well as law enforcement began to racially profile them as â€Å"terrorist†. Even African-Americans and Latinos began to scrutinize innocent Middle Easterners. Although President George W. Bush promised to help end racial profiling because it was unconstitutional, following 9/11 the law enforcement began to profile even more than ever. The government focused on Arab Nationals and anyone who could possible have links to the terrorist group Al Qaeda. Immigration Authorities began rounding up hundreds of Middle Easterners for thorough questioning. Although they denied it, Airport screeners began giving special attention to anyone who appeared to be of Middle Eastern or Arabic descent. In 2003 the Bush administration issued a Racial Profiling guideline that stated racial profiling is okay as long as it is related to National Security. In 2008 the Barrack Obama administration and critics of racial profiling began to push for more legislation to prevent racial profiling. Being the first African-American President, it seemed as if times were changing as far as racial profiling stands in the United States. In 2009 the murder of African-American teenager Trayvon Martin griped the nation. The murder was a pure case of racial profiling by a vigilante in a predominantly white neighborhood. Martin’s murder George Zimmerman, a former neighborhood watchman was suspicious of Martin walking around his neighbor hood one evening. Zimmerman armed with his handgun, began stalking Martin and eventually confronted Martin, even though police dispatchers told Zimmerman not to. On Zimmerman’s 911 call he used racial slurs and clearly profiled Martin as a criminal because he was African-American. Eventually Zimmerman confronted Martin, the two got into a scuffle, and Zimmerman shot and killed the unarmed teen. After years of trial, the jury eventually acquitted Zimmerman of the murder charge claiming it was â€Å"self defense† even though Law enforcement told Zimmerman to not follow Martin and Zimmerman did anyways. The Trayvon martin murder is still a current issue that has the nation divided. After doing extensive research on the topic of Racial Profiling in the United States I have learned a lot about how far back and diverse racial profiling is. I believe that there will always be racial profiling as long as there are multiple races living in one country. Racial Profiling is simply human nature and cannot be undone by making laws or legislation. People subconsciously profile individuals based on their individual history and knowledge. People say â€Å"I don’t see color† but the fact of the matter is, everyone sees color. Even the victims of racial profiling are guilty of racially profiling others; whether or not they say it out loud people still think it. The only thing people can do is try there best to not act upon their assumptions of others based on race, and try their best to treat everyone equally regardless of what you may think initially. Its like the old saying, â€Å"Don’t Judge a book by its cover†.

Night Book Report :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eliezer is a 12-year-old Orthodox Jewish boy living with his family in the Transylvanian town of Sighet. Eliezer is the only son of the family, and his parents are shopkeepers. His father is a highly respected within Sighet’s Jewish community. Eliezer also 2 older sisters, Hilda and Bà ©a, and a younger sister named Tzipora. Eliezer is taught Jewish mysticism under Moshe, a local pauper. In 1944 German armies occupy Hungary, and soon move into Sighet. Jewish community leaders are arrested, valuables are confiscated, and all of the Jews are then forced to wear yellow stars. The Jews were all gathered into small ghettos, and soon after, the Germans began to deport them to Auschwitz. Eliezer’s family is among the last to leave Sighet and it is then Eliezer began his horrible experience as being apart of the Holocaust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During this long and painful experience, Eliezer questioned his faith more than once. Before he and his family were forced onto the camps, Eliezer’s studies in Jewish mysticism taught him that if God is good and He is everywhere, than the whole world must therefore be good. But his faith in the world is broken by the cruelty and evil he witnesses during the Holocaust. He wonders how God would even let such an evil take place, he feels that if the world is so sick and cruel, than God must also be sick and cruel or not exist at all. Moshe is asked why he prays and replies, â€Å"I pray to the God within me that He will give me strength to ask him the right questions.† Meaning, questioning is a fundamental to the idea of faith in God. The horrible experiences of the Holocaust force Eliezer to ask questions about the nature of good and evil and about weather God exits or not. But the fact he asks these questions reflects his commitment to God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eliezer not only suffers from experiences Nazi persecution, but also cruelty he sees fellow prisoners inflict on each other, and becomes aware of the cruelty of which he himself is capable. Everything he experiences shows how horribly people can treat one another, which troubles him. The Nazis are the first insensible cruelty Eliezer experiences. Though, when they first appear, they do not seem terrible in any way shape or form. Eliezer recounts, â€Å"Our first impressions of the Germans were most reassuring. . . Their attitude toward their hosts was distant, but polite.

Experience from Part Time Job

EXPERIENCE FROM PART-TIME JOB Every young person eventually needs to consider a career path, and working part-time jobs are a common way to gain experience in determining which career field is right for the individual. Part-time jobs are good way to gain experience not only in a particular position, but are also instrumental in teaching a newcomer to the working world a number of important skills that are necessary to succeed in the long-term. From the real situation – one day to be a serving staff at a coffee shop, I myself find that part-time work activities give me many useful lessons.Working environment is the way to have many interactions between us and customers, partners, also the managers. The important thing I want to mention is â€Å"to be welcoming, friendly and polite†. Sometimes, the complaint of customers, the criticism of the manager make u so confused. However, learning how to suffer from such things like that is also a lesson when you are engaged in a p art-time job. So, â€Å"work quickly and stay calm under pressure†. Besides, being in working environment compels me to improve communication skills. At the first time, I felt so shy because of my influent communicability.But, thank to character of the job, I try to overcome myself and make it better as much as possible. I think it works some way. Finally, what I learned from a part-time job is ability to multi-task. Having organization skills is very important even in the most unorganized, chaotic atmosphere. Although the part-time job I chose is not relevant to my major, I still think it`s useful, at least in the current time. Part-time jobs are a good way to learn experience not only about working, but offer a number of soft skills that I am sure it will be very necessary for my job in the future.

Consumer Buying Behavior †Marketing to teenagers Essay

Topic: Consumer Buying Behavior – Marketing to teenagers Article Summary: This article states that although only two percent of teenagers are smokers; fifty percent of tobacco companies marketing monies go to targeting teenagers. The author feels that the big tobacco companies target teenagers to help make up for those who ultimately die from tobacco related illnesses or realize on later in life that they need to stop smoking. It goes on to say that for every one person who dies from tobacco-related causes, two new smokers under the age of twenty-six start the habit. Although the Joe Camel cartoon advertising has since been removed, when that particular character was created the sales of Camel increased thirty-four percent in kids showing that campaign had an impact on who they were targeting and who began to purchase their product. The author goes on to say how impressionable teenagers and children are, as opposed to adults, and how stopping the tobacco use is not easy to do. Once someone starts it is a hard habit to break. Many of those who start smoking at an early age become addicted to the product before they are even of legal age to purchase the product. Even the warnings on the boxes are not enough to keep the young consumers from purchasing the product. Class Application: Cigarette companies need to market to the proper consumer market. A consumer market is purchasers and household members who intend to consume or benefit from the purchased product. By Camel advertising in  magazines, using â€Å"fun† cartoon characters, and also making tobacco use look cool, they are not targeting the proper market. Being sure to market cigarettes to those who are legally allowed to use the product is a must. They can still use a differentiated targeting strategy and market to those in different demographics, but they need to be sure to leave out those who are not legal to use the product. Cigarette companies should be using demographic segmentation variables to come up with ad campaigns geared towards the proper segments. With cigarettes, the companies have to focus on age since there is a legal age for smoking. Also, since cigarettes have been proven to be unhealthy and cause of cancer, among other things, they are not something that sho uld be advertised to children or teenagers; no matter what.

Coming of Age in Mississippi essays

Coming of Age in Mississippi essays Anne Moody plays a strong role in the civil rights movement. As a child she faced many challenges growing up as a poor black girl. Yet, despite these circumstances all those setbacks inspired her to move on. Moody was determined to make a change in the community and she would stop at nothing. When growing up Anne encountered many problems. Her uncle George Lee used to beat her when he would baby-sit her and her little sister Adline. Their house caught on fire once because her uncle was trying to burn her. In addition, her parents separated because her father began to gamble and come home when he pleased. Her child hood was extremely difficult; she was the oldest of nine children. Still Anne Moody chooses to succeed. She was Valedictorian of her class and received scholarships to go to college. The first time Moody was really insulted by segregation, was when she heard about the murder of Emmet Till. Emmet Till was a young boy from Greenwood, who was killed for whistling at a white girl. This incident really affected Moody. She was scared, hurt, angered and confused. The death of Emmet Till was Annes inspiration to fight for the rights of blacks. Moody said that she knew the fear of hunger and poverty, but this was the first time that she faced the fear of being black. The death of Emmet inspired Anne to ask questions and to get more knowledge on the black movement. Her teacher Mrs. Rice informed Moody about the NAACP and told her many stories. Moody was shocked to hear about all the horrible acts that were being done to blacks. Mrs. Rice also told Anne that she must keep that information to herself because it could get them into trouble. Basically, it was understood that the Negroes in Centreville were not allowed to discuss these types of things. Moody was really affected by Emmets death, but all the other incidents gave her the strength to seek change. For example, the burning of The Tapla...

Tobias George Smollett Essays - Picaresque Novels, Free Essays

Tobias George Smollett Essays - Picaresque Novels, Free Essays Tobias George Smollett Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771), Scottish novelist, was born in Dalquhurn, Dumbarton County Scotland. Smollett was born beneath a plane tree at Dalquharn House on the family estate of Bon hill in the Vale of Leven, near the village of Renton, Dumbartonshire. At fourteen Smollett was apprenticed to a Glasgow doctor. He studied medicine at Glasgow University and moved to London in 1740. He was a ship's surgeon in the Carragena expedition against the Spanish in the West Indies, and lived in Jamaica until 1744 when he returned to London and renewed his earlier attempts to stage a play he had written The Regicide, but still met with no success. He also failed to set up his own medical practice. His first novel, the partly autobiographical Roderick Random (1748), was an immediate success. His best novel, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771), has become a classic. It is a story, told in a series of letters, about the travels of a family through England and Scotland. Smollett was troubled by lack of money. He spent his last years in poor health, and died in Livorno, Italy, on October 21, 1771. Two years later, Johnson and Boswell stayed at Cameron House with Smollett's cousin James, who was preparing to erect a Tuscan column in Smollett's memory at Renton. Johnson helped compose the Latin obituary on the plinth, and the column stood in what subsequently became the playground of a school. Some of Tobias Smollett's work consists of The Tears of Scotland (1746). Poem on the defeat of the Scots at the Battle of Culloden. The Adventures of Roderick Random ( 1748 ). Gil Blas. Translation of LeSage's novel. ( 1749 ). The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle ( 1751 ). The Adventures of Ferdinand, Count Fathom ( 1753 ). Don Quixote. Translation of Cervantes' novel. ( 1755). The Adventures of Sir Lancelot Greaves ( 1760 ). Travels through France and Italy ( 1766 ). The History and Adventures of an Atom ( 1769 ). The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker ( 1771 ). Some critics regard Tobias Smollet as more satirist meaning that a work of literature or art that, by inspiring laughter, contempt, or horror, seeks to correct the follies and abuses it uncovers. I don't know what that means though. This is a paragraph from Tobias Smollett's book The Adventures of Roderick Random. Roderick Random is the orphaned, unwanted grandson of a severe old Scots magistrate, exposed by his grandfathers known neglect to the malice of the community. His principal enemies are the schoolmaster and the young heir. It is not long before a deus ex machina appears in the form of a sailor uncle: He was a strongly built man, somewhat bandy-legged, with a neck like that of a bull, and a face which had withstood the most obstinate assaults of the weather. His dress consisted of a soldiers coat, altered for him by the ships tailor, a striped flannel jacket, a pair of red breeches japanned with pitch, clean grey worsted stockings, large silver buckles that covered theree-fourths of his shoues, a silver laced hat whosecrown overlooked the brim about an inch and a half, a black bob wig in buckle, a check shirt, a silk hankerchief, a henger with a brass handle girded on his thigh by a tarnished laced belt, and a good oak plant under his arm. I picked this paragraph because here Smollett is describing the hero of the story Roderick Random. I believe it is important to have a brief if not full description of characters, so that you can imagine seeing them maybe even being there, in your mind, while they are doing what is described in the book.

Legalization of Marijuana in Some States is Wrong

Legalization of Marijuana in Some States is Wrong The US of Marijuana: A Democracy That Stands Wrong As of spring 2016, several states in the United States of America have legalized the possession, production and the use of marijuana for recreational purposes. Marijuana, or Cannabis, is one of the most widely used drugs in the world, only behind alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. The substance is a psychotropic or psychoactive  drug that gives its user a â€Å"high† or â€Å"stoned† feeling and alters their conscious perception, giving them a heightened mood, relaxation and an increase in appetite. In some parts of the world, including many American states, a person can get prescribed â€Å"medical marijuana† for their ailment, such as cancer, a sleeping disorder – the list goes on and on. But looking at the facts from a Democratic standpoint, it’s evident that the legalization of marijuana in some states is wrong. Cannabis Is Highly addictive For one, on a federal level, marijuana is still considered illegal. This is quite true. Under the Controlled Substances Act, cannabis is classified as a Schedule I drug, which means that the federal government views cannabis as highly addictive and having no medical value (even though this could change in the near future). It’s strange how the buds of a plant, a gift from God that heals people’s ailments and disorders, can be illegal. Nonetheless, if a state legalizes marijuana, which the Federal Government of the United States of America does not allow, technically, it is still illegal and therefore wrong from a democratic standpoint. Now, this may not be the case a year from now, two years from now, 10 years from now, but soon each state in the United States of America will be legal, under Federal Government laws, allowed to produce and sell marijuana – whether for medicinal or recreational purposes. But until then, it is still illegal, wrong. Secondly, the legalization of marijuana in some states is wrong if, on a state level – and states in America have a lot of power on their own – a majority of the voting public did not vote in favor of the legalization of marijuana. It is wrong if the state government imposes the legalization of marijuana if the citizens of that state do not want the plant legalized for medicinal or recreational purposes. If this were the case, it would be essentially wrong. It’s that simple. Of course, the opposite is happening: the governments of many states have already legalized marijuana for medicinal and recreational purposes – this will only continue to spread. This has been the will of the people in those states to have marijuana made legal in some regard. They have voted for this, so it is right. If imposed on the people, it is wrong. Get more information here: Obtaining a Law Degree Law Essay Writing Smoking in Public Places Should Be Banned Contributing Factors of Student Suicides Violence against Female University Students Cannabis Industry Should NOT Involve Minors Third, and lastly, the legalization of marijuana in some states is wrong when the cannabis industry involves minors. In these states, a person under the age of 18 should never come in contact with, use or be involved in the production or manufacturing of cannabis; if this does happen often and become a problem, then the legalization of marijuana is certainly doing wrong. No industry should negatively influence or exploit children. This violates human-rights laws and practices. Also, one more thing a person could argue about the legalization being wrong is if the company doesn’t pay it taxes to the federal and, or, state government. We see businesses in states like Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Alaska – which have legalized the selling, usage, and production of marijuana for recreational purposes – paying their taxes to the federal government, even though the industry violates a federal law. Either way, the legalization of marijuana in some states is wrong if m arijuana-based businesses involve minors or sell to minors or dont pay its federal and state taxes. Even though these aforementioned points indicate what is wrong with the legalized marijuana industry in some states, many people in quite a few states feel that legalization is definitely a step forward. In fact, there is talk about several states passing the legislature this fall, laws that would legalize or decriminalize cannabis for either medicinal or recreational purposes. Legal cannabis is righteous to many people; but, once again, the legalization of marijuana in some states is wrong when a business in the cannabis industry involves minors, or doesn’t pay its taxes to the state and federal governments, or when a state passes legislation (because it’s still illegal in the eyes of United States Government), especially when against the will of the people.

Moon Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Moon Journal - Essay Example The moon takes about 24 hours and 49 minutes to cross the sky. Because of this, the moon rises and sets later than the previous day and it does this for around 27 days when it has finished one revolution, and it goes back to rising sun  setting at the initial times. The moon does not give off its own light; but instead reflects suns light.  Ã‚  The phases of the moon are as a result of the different parts of the moon that reflect the sun’s light as it revolves the earth. The shape changes from a new moon to a full moon. The order is as follows: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent then new moon. The moon seems larger than the stars and even the sun, but this is due to the fact that the moon is our closest neighbour in space. In fact, the sun is 400 times bigger than the moon. The moon does not have any life form and has extreme temperatures compared to the earth (Chancer and Zodron

Dealing with Different Generations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dealing with Different Generations - Essay Example These two generations grew up in different social, political and technological times, which have shaped to a large extent the way they view the society, for instance generation X grew at the height of cold war, assassination of john F Kennedy, the AIDs pandemic among other events that were happening within that period. Generation Y grew in the era of increased technological advancements such as internet, mobile phones, Smart phones and laptops among other event. This paper will look at how a student from the X generation will handle a second career, a generation Y who is transitioning from a career as a paramedic. A Millennial student who is starting a bachelor of nursing career as an 18 year old and a student who has taken English as a second language entering an associate degree in nursing program. Generation X second career Generation X grew up in a time when the job security of their parents was not guaranteed, most of this generation’s parent were retrenched from their wo rk therefore this generation reduced the loyalty that their parents had towards their employees and instead they became more loyal to the teams they work with and their jobs (Wallace, Tolley-Stokes & Estep, 2011). In this generation, there is no career ladder and they change their jobs more easily depending on who gives them the best offer. When an individual from this generation decides to change a career, their characteristic as being very flexible in their careers helps them in addition to their education levels as this generation is perceived to be very educated as compared to the previous generations. Since individuals from this generation dislike institutions and rules, they are more likely to change their careers towards a work environment that does not have strict rules or bureaucracy. The kind of job environment that these individuals are likely to change to will be more likely where the employer communicates the intended objective or the goal that needs to be achieved then leave them to find and device their own ways of achieving the objective. Since this generation was not born in the era of technological advancements, they are not likely to change their career towards a more technology intensive career as they do not have enough skills in the field. Generational Y transitioning to paramedic Some of the characteristics that are inherent in members of this generation include that they are techno savvy, they like feeling appreciated, they are ambitious and are team players. In teaching student from this generation as they join a career in paramedic, a lot of mentoring should be involved since in they are new to the working environment, this is irrespective of whether the individuals are performing well in school or not. Personal attention when teaching these students will produce excellent results, as they are very responsive to the personal attention however since they work best as a team, a lot of training activities should involve team activities ( Erickson, 2008). This group of individual should be trained in a structured environment where the learning process is broken in to steps and technology intensive methods of learning should be emphasized. Millennial student as a BSN at 18 years Millenials at the age of

Justification of Intellectual Property Protection Essay

Justification of Intellectual Property Protection - Essay Example The paper throws light on intellectual property as any change of mind or innovation. This property, maybe a symbol or a logo, any unique name designated for a company, creative and artistic invention. Intellectual property is secluded or patent innovation. Certain brands use a specific trade mark and music companies copyright their sounds and videos patterns, professionals carry out methods formulas and technologies which are confined in official documents or economic values that are used commercially. Intellectual property is the intangible or insubstantial vague property on the other hand special private and personal property of any individual or a company is tangible is easily and clearly defined. IP is any form of expression, this includes images, symbols, logos, title, label, techniques, methods used in business industry or commerce; software, music rhythms literary. This personal effort is the innovation and creation of mind and displayed and manifested, it has physical existen ce and exclusive property rights. Exclusive property rights include copyrights, trademarks, patents industrial design rights and trade secrets, these rights are intellectual property and protect company’s different types of unrelated legal concepts. The British statue of Anne 1710 and statue of monopolies 1623 are the two patent laws, copyrights that are nowadays used respectively, these laws were originated in the late 20th century and since then the word intellectual property started to be used. ... This absolute protection thus deals intellectual property as real property. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) treaty and other global agreements are based on the fact that the intellectual property rights should be protected as it is essential to the economic growth. The following reasons are given in the handbook published by the World Intellectual Property Organization related to the intellectual property laws. "One is to give statutory expression to the moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and the rights of the public in access to those creations.† Inventions were not the reason to initiate the history of patent, but it was in fact the grants given by the Queen Elizabeth 1 (1558-1603) and other royal family members for the privileges aimed at creating monopoly. nearly 200 years after the end of the reign of Elizabeth 1 a patent now shows and represents a legal status to the rights which are obtained by the person inventing something whic h gives him the right to control that invention exclusively, control and restrict its production, sale or any restricting any other method that might make that invention available for others to use independently. (Mossoff, A, 2001, Vol. 52, p. 1255) The aim of this paper is to study the justifications or arguments that surround the formation of intellectual property law. The paper will open discussion with the aims of intellectual property law and then move to the justifications. The paper will also discuss the limitations to these justifications and in the end, conclude the discussion with a critical evaluation of the intellectual property law terms. Aims of Intellectual Property Law This section will deal with the protection of intellectual property incentives taken for those

Employee Relations Assignments One Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Relations Assignments One - Case Study Example I identified UK Leasline as the most appropriate organization that could help the small business to accomplish its goal. The company offers capital to businesses in the UK at affordable terms, and I needed to purchase the office equipment at hire purchase to pay through installments as the business expanded. However, it was difficult to acquire the credit facilities since my business was a start up and therefore there was no collateral. I had to negotiate with the credit appraisal team for to prove that my business had the potential of growing to a substantial size to repay the borrowed capital. I knew that after launching the business, there were high chances for it to grow gain the capacity to negotiate better for loans. However, to get to that point, I had to use negotiation techniques so that I could not loose the opportunity. Since I had no tangible property but ideas, there was no need to negotiate with the credit appraisers. The appropriate person was the credit manager, who on the other hand was not directly concerned with issues regarding credit appraisals. But I had to proof my case to him and negotiate a deal because when I contacted the junior officers, they asserted their principles of collateral as well as offering credit to continuing businesses. With such principles, I could not excel in business. I consideredI considered myself successful even before I engaged in the negotiation process since I had the conviction that my idea was prudent and that anyone else who would give it a critical thought would find it an inventive decision. I remembered what a teacher who was my mentor once commented that I was a critical thinker. I had developed a close relationship with him because of the way I approached issues with sophistication. These memories gave me confidence and motivation to go ahead with my aspiration. On the other hand, I had witnessed start up businesses becoming successful, especially the ones that dealt with the same field as my intended undertaking. This meant that the business could attain sustainable profitability while on the other hand continuing to repay the equipments acquired on credit. I intended to show the senior credit officer my business plan and explain my vision to him so that he too could visualize my idea. I always though of how I would be happy after accomplishing my mission. However, I knew that there were drawbacks that could become a hindrance to my efforts of acquiring the loan. In the first place, I had no track record of previous loans that I had successfully repaid. This lowered my chances of proofing my credibility. Nevertheless, my age was an indicator of insufficient experience in handling large sums of money or managing a business on my own. I remembered how one of my friends took over the management of his father's business after he was taken ill, which led to its collapse. The business had been established through a loan for the purchase of equipment. To make the matter worse, the head of the credit appraisal team in UK Leasline worked in the company that issued the loan as a credit appraiser at the time. Only three years had passed from the time the business collapsed, which led to the demotion and eventual termination of all the credit appraisers that were involved in the appraisal of my friend's father to qualify for a loan. The dilemma in this situation was the fact that the head of the team who was to appraise my

Renewable energy source Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Renewable energy source - Essay Example Passive solar methods consist of orienting a building to the sun, selecting materials with positive heat mass or mild scattering qualities, and developing areas that normally clear of the flow of air. Solar energy is the transformation of light from the sun into power either by photovoltaics (PV), or ultimately using focused solar (CSP). Concentrated solar techniques use contacts or showcases and monitoring techniques to focus a large area of sunshine into a small ray. Commercial focus on solar plants was first developed in the 1980s. Photovoltaics turn mild into electricity using the photoelectric effect. Photovoltaics is an important and relatively affordable energy source where lines energy is affordable to link, or simply not available. However, as the cost of solar power is dropping, solar is also progressively used in grid-connected situations to nourish low-carbon energy into the lines. The development of affordable, endless and clean solar energy technological innovation will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through dependency on natural, endless and mostly import-independent resource, improve durability, reduce contamination, reduced the expenses of mitigating international warming, and keep non-renewable energy prices reduced than otherwise (Tiwari &Â  Mishra 78). These advantages are international. Hence the additional expenses of the rewards for early implementation should be considered learning investments; they must be smartly spent and need to be widely

Employee Relations Assignments One Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Relations Assignments One - Case Study Example I identified UK Leasline as the most appropriate organization that could help the small business to accomplish its goal. The company offers capital to businesses in the UK at affordable terms, and I needed to purchase the office equipment at hire purchase to pay through installments as the business expanded. However, it was difficult to acquire the credit facilities since my business was a start up and therefore there was no collateral. I had to negotiate with the credit appraisal team for to prove that my business had the potential of growing to a substantial size to repay the borrowed capital. I knew that after launching the business, there were high chances for it to grow gain the capacity to negotiate better for loans. However, to get to that point, I had to use negotiation techniques so that I could not loose the opportunity. Since I had no tangible property but ideas, there was no need to negotiate with the credit appraisers. The appropriate person was the credit manager, who on the other hand was not directly concerned with issues regarding credit appraisals. But I had to proof my case to him and negotiate a deal because when I contacted the junior officers, they asserted their principles of collateral as well as offering credit to continuing businesses. With such principles, I could not excel in business. I consideredI considered myself successful even before I engaged in the negotiation process since I had the conviction that my idea was prudent and that anyone else who would give it a critical thought would find it an inventive decision. I remembered what a teacher who was my mentor once commented that I was a critical thinker. I had developed a close relationship with him because of the way I approached issues with sophistication. These memories gave me confidence and motivation to go ahead with my aspiration. On the other hand, I had witnessed start up businesses becoming successful, especially the ones that dealt with the same field as my intended undertaking. This meant that the business could attain sustainable profitability while on the other hand continuing to repay the equipments acquired on credit. I intended to show the senior credit officer my business plan and explain my vision to him so that he too could visualize my idea. I always though of how I would be happy after accomplishing my mission. However, I knew that there were drawbacks that could become a hindrance to my efforts of acquiring the loan. In the first place, I had no track record of previous loans that I had successfully repaid. This lowered my chances of proofing my credibility. Nevertheless, my age was an indicator of insufficient experience in handling large sums of money or managing a business on my own. I remembered how one of my friends took over the management of his father's business after he was taken ill, which led to its collapse. The business had been established through a loan for the purchase of equipment. To make the matter worse, the head of the credit appraisal team in UK Leasline worked in the company that issued the loan as a credit appraiser at the time. Only three years had passed from the time the business collapsed, which led to the demotion and eventual termination of all the credit appraisers that were involved in the appraisal of my friend's father to qualify for a loan. The dilemma in this situation was the fact that the head of the team who was to appraise my

Live Scan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Live Scan - Term Paper Example These services are generally required by the police department to keep records and track criminals. This service has also been used in airports throughout to quickly get the details of passengers and immigrants. This service is however also utilized by universities and other departments for checking employee records before employments. This information to these departments is usually available through Department of Justice (DOJ). Live scan uses the advanced digital photography methods to capture the images of fingerprints. For this the person needs to press his or her fingers on a screen or scanner. The image is scanned, captured and stored in electronic form on computer databases. Thus the whole process is somewhat similar to the scanning of documents in a scanner and storing the captured images on the computer in the form of a file. Scanning fingerprints however needs some special type of scanners. As these scans are stored in computers, it becomes easy to analyze the fingerprints without much hassle. These can be then shared with any departments around the world as it is easy to send the files through computer networks. "Live scan instruments must be able to collect fingerprints from a wide cross section of people-including those with very fine, worn, scarred or cracked fingerprint ridges and varying degrees of skin moisture content." (Cross Match Technologies, 2007). Most of the instruments provide scans for well ridged fingerprints giving very low quality scans for people with dry skin and other problems. This makes it very difficult to identify such fingerprints. Younger people are well suited for live scan fingerprints as they generally have healthy skin with no such problems to hinder the fingerprinting process. For people with too dry or too moist skin there is a problem in capturing the scans. For this purpose silicone membranes have been developed which are in the form of transparent sheets. These sheets are kept on the screen of the instrument and fingers are pressed against the sheet. This membrane helps in enhancing ridges of the fingers thereby providing well defined scans for people wi th varied moisture content in their skin. There is another problem faced by these instruments and that is of very high volume scans due to which the fingerprints often get mixed up. This problem is also addressed by these silicone membranes. The membranes last for very long and when they need replacement it is very easy to peel them off and place a new one without taking any time. Other advantages include the protection of the capturing screen of the instrument as the membrane is placed on it. Another it is very easy to clean the membrane once it gets dirty. There is no need of application of any liquid or special cloth to clean it. It is done simply by placing a tape on it so that the dirt or any oils, etc. stick to it and get away making the membrane ready to be used again. Although most of the instruments use optical scanning technique in live scan systems, there have been recent developments in this field prompting the use of ultrasonic technique for the same. The fingerprints using ultrasonic systems have been seen to be of better quality than the optical ones. The ultrasonic technique again addresses the same problems of varied moisture c

tradition and modernity Essay Example for Free

tradition and modernity Essay We are used to thinking of traditions as something old and stable, whereas the creative forces of people are directed towards the making of â€Å"new† forms of art and music. Nevertheless in our view, and according to our experience, new forms should not be sought in a cultural vacuum, without any connection to the past experiences of people and societies. Similarly, the â€Å"old† musics should not be approached with the attitude of preserving or mimicking other people’s practices. We believe that the past is important because in the great musics that were created we can sense a reBlection of the creators’ spiritual insights and wider understandings of the nature of man and his place in the world. The passing on of this intuitive knowledge, through the practice of music, the sharing of experiences, the process of studying and teaching not as something that happens only within the school walls, but as part of everyday life, is what animates Neda not only to create, but also to teach their music and perform it in live concerts. Neda is a river in Peloponnese and one of the few rivers in Greece with a female name. In the Greek mythology Neda was the nymph who took care of Zeus when he was taken away from his father, who wanted to slaughter him. The water and the river are ancient symbols, signifying strength and endurance, but also adaptability and continuous Blow. Hence the signiBicance of Neda for the musicians, which carries the power of the female element of water to embrace difference; as it connects and naturally renews all things, it links past and future times into the present moment – where all sounds exist and all music is created.

Recruitment Selection of Internally Motivated Employees

Recruitment Selection of Internally Motivated Employees Growth in Global companies today demands the increasing need of recruitment and selection process. The number of expatriates has increased over the last 30 years due to increase in the number of mergers and acquisitions. Recruiting an expatriate is mostly associated with increase in the salary range, improvement in hierarchal levels. But the facts that there will be drastic change in the culture change in social life, career risks, are all very important aspects to consider when planning a recruitment process in an organization. The role of a HR manager is to enable individuals to achieve organizational goals and objectives. To ensure a successful gain, they need to know who these people are, where they are from, how they can be developed for personal fulfillment and to achieve organizational goals, and the impact of external constraints. All these come together and demand the need of formulation of HR functions in an organization. They are involved in the development and implementation of HR strategies and policies and various people management activities like human resource planning, talent management, knowledge management, recruitment selection, learning and development, reward management, employee relations, health and safety, welfare and any other matters related to employment relationship. Ulrich (1998) pints out that: The activities of HR appear to be and often are disconnected from the real work of the organization. He believes that HR should not be defined by what is does but by what it delivers. It is often a face there are a limited number of employees willing to travel within the organization. Considering other specifications like their past work experience, technical skills, ability to be flexible with teams, job requirements and period of expatriation as well. In many cases, Human resources team tends to select a candidate who is willing to take the overseas opportunity. Lack of effective selection process and emphasized technical requirements listed out are the major reasons for failure in the process. To handle successful HR operations an organization need to consider both internal and external contexts that has great influence on the business. External contexts could be including Political, Economic Social Technological contexts. However many organizations today operation in a global context, that direct HR managers to develop an international strategy considering the cultures and values. One of the key concerns that often lead to failure in recruiting an employee in cross cultural context is related to family concerns. According to Tung (1987) and Forster (2000) the inability of the spouse in adopting foreign environment and language issues are the general causes of a failed expatriate. Bonache Brewster (2001) illustrated the survey conducted by Windham International and the National Foreign Trade Council (1999) is mentioned that a large number of international assignments are turned down in between the time due to personal family and spouse issues. It is also important to understand that a successful domestic operation with well framed policies and procedures leads to improvement in handling international operations. Companies need to show strong need for a proper recruitment and selection processes. Briscoe, Schuler (2004) believe that it is definitely important to understand that the HR in International context is different from its domestic counterpart in many ways. This includes Multifunctional IHR department Expanding the areas of expertise Having to face much greater challenge in recruiting and selection international employees and many more. Role of well developed Cross Cultural HR practice in Recruitment and selection processes of internal motivated employees: Recruitment of candidates plays a very important role of the major HR function and this becomes specific in an international cross cultural context. Bratton and Gold (2003) illustrates recruitment as: the process of generating a pool of capable people to apply for employment to an organization. Selection is a discrete and subsequent process, by which managers and other use specific instruments to choose from a pool of applicants a person or persons most likely to succeed in the job(s), given management goals and legal requirements. A close look at the importance of managing employees with various cultures explains the need of strategic and planned process of choosing employees in an international organization. Ghemawat (2001) describes that there can be significant impact in employees relations, that further explained and clarified the importance of right recruitment and selection process in organizations. Within the narrow description of recruitment it is typically seen as occurring in two main stages: the formative basic work and recruitment practices such as sources and methods that end with the arrival of applications. The most important consideration before the process understands the kind of need: whether an organization is considering new staff of replacing existing staff members. The traditional recruitment cycle: Recruitment Job Description Job Analysis Person Specification Person Analysis: Flexibility to relocate, Family, prior expatriation. Selection (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2005) Job analysis: Job analysis is often referred as the information on which two significant recruitment documents are based: job and person specifications. It involves in collecting systematic information about the job from current incumbents and/or their colleagues (Newell and Shackleton, 2000). Analysis on the particular positions need would rather is the first appropriate for a HR manager. This enables him to take decision on designing a better description and specifications. The specifications play a very keen role when the need of recruitment techniques becomes important. This importances becomes challenge when facing a job analysis in a cross cultural context. Wanous (1992) referred the recruitment technique is a theoretically derived from an individual need of an organization culture matching process is the realistic job preview that presents the candidate with negative and positive aspects about a particular job. This allows the candidate to match the organizational climates and individual wants. Mac Bartine (2007) illustrates five important steps in analyzing a job basing on the cultural demands of the job. The steps help HR team in gathering more information about the job, about what qualifications for the right candidate should have. Asking yourself: The needs of accomplishment of the new employee that are expected to take the position on periodic basis. A detailed list out will help the HR team in furnishing better Job Analysis process. Implementing the best cross cultural HR practice would result in success in recruitment and selection process. Identifying basic roles and responsibilities of the job and conducting a critical evaluation basing on the cultural demands. Day to day activities of the employee? Resources that the employee is expected to be use in the job? Is the employee expected to handle any team under his supervision? If so will there be any conflicts basing on the team past behavior? Will the employee be allocated any tasks that are important to handle basing on the cultural demands on the country other than typical roles to be performed? The next step in job Analysis is measuring the need of tasks of the employee. Comparison of the present roles of the employee to the tasks expected to handle and measure them using Key Resolution Areas (KRAs). Measuring the abilities of the employee: Stress management, flexibility etc. Discussing with the team if there will be any differences between the roles of the job comparing with the past and expected to be in future. Discussion with subject matter experts locally and also with the experts placed abroad. Job Descriptions: A well written Job Descriptions plays a very important in a cross-cultural context. They are understood as written statement that describes the duties, responsibilities, required qualifications, and reporting relationships of a particular job. Job Descriptions are the further steps of Job Analysis and allows the organizations to perform better. There are various important aspects that should be taken into consideration when writing a job description for any international assignment. A poorly framed description can result in the failure of an international assignment. Other than the general important aspects of describing a job on the roles, skills base, vision base, objectives and goals base that are set with complete expectations from the candidate, offering and expectations on the relocation should also be listed accordingly. Susam.M (2000) describes that a well-written job descriptions organization employees, who must work with the person hired, understand the boundaries of the persons responsibilities. Person Specification: Crafting persons specifications gives the HR team a chance to understand on what the organization really need from the job. Most often employers rush to hire person to fill in the position but misses to find the need. (Adelà ¨ Bird) While the job description describes the job, persons specification describes the skills, experience, knowledge and aptitudes of the desired candidate he/she should have to fill the position appropriately. Applicant will have clear understanding of those details only if the above listed specifications are listed. Unfair discrimination attracts widest range of potential employees internally within the organization and externally. The need for closer look at the persons specification is critical when hiring for an international assignment. HR management demands high amount of cross cultural knowledge in handling these assignments. Person Analysis is the most important aspect of person specification, when hiring for an international assignment. 1) Knowing the flexibility of the employee in adjusting towards the cultural changes and adoption to new work atmosphere. 2) Knowing the family background of the employee make it necessary in taking the decision. It is studied that majority of the international assignment fail due to spouse unable to adopt the culture. 3) Knowing the employee about his/her past experiences of international travel will help the HR team in judging the flexibility of the candidate. Selection of future expatriates is the further challenge of HR team in across cultural context. Measuring technical and professional education is possible all the time, but skills like interpersonal communication is also required to be assessed when refereeing current and previous colleagues or superiors. However there are various factors that that are difficult to be measure when selecting an employee to go abroad (J. Kline Harrison, 1994) Profile of expatriates qualification: According to Harrison there are certain traits and characteristics that are identified as predictors for expatriate assignment successful. It is not that without these traits are guaranteed to achieve successful expatriation but without them the chances of failure is higher. They include technical ability, managerial skills, cultural empathy, adaptability, diplomacy, language ability, positive attitude, emotional stability and maturity, and adaptability of family. This summarizes that besides technical ability, professional skills and role discrimination, behavioral components have to be taken into account during the selection process. Otherwise the assignment results in unexpected culture shock to the employee. The dual career problem importance of spouse and family As a part of selection process it is identified that spouse and family plays a very vital role. The family situation of the expatriate has great importance in successful expatriation assignments. It is often noticed that an unhappy family or spouse of the employees assignment is terminated before the mentioned period. Duel career problem happens when the spouse leave his/her present job and travels along with expatriate and finally found no job matching his/her education, often get isolated and irritated. An assessment of the family members makes it important during the process of recruitment and selection which can avoid the damage up to an extent. Most of the global companys still lack effective methods of selecting managers for international assignments. If a company is very successful in domestic movements, it does not mean that the knowledge of selecting managers for international assignments is completely accumulated. An integrated screening and selection system to determine the aptitudes of the candidates make it more important in the selection process. Kealey (2006) suggested components consisting of aspects that play vital role in selection process in a cross-culture atmosphere. Developing skills and knowledge profile- qualifications of the employee need to me matching with the job requirements, cultural constraints and the host organization environment. Procedures for planning and implementing of selection process- regular personality tests during the selection process, biographical data questionnaires, structured interviews and behavioral assessment techniques; Monitoring the past overseas performance. One of the leading ideas that organizations follow is that they were preferring couples working in organizations specially in senior management team, so that the plan of expatriation have very few chances of failure. The family will remain expatriates together with clear understandings. The results of the above study show that there are various issues in handling Human Resources at a view of recruitment and selection processes at a globalised organization. According to Tung (1987) one of the key causes for the premature return of expatriates from overseas assignment was related to concerns of family. This supports previous studies on expatriate failure indicating the inability of the spouse to adapt to the foreign environment as the frequent cause of the early return of the expatriates back to their home country. A carefull understanding of the recruitment and selection process can reduce the failures in international assignment. A major challenge of Hr team is to develop strategies in improving the processes better. The Recruitment and Selection process is the key in the human resources department as its so effective to the businesses it credits by taking in people that want to benefit the business. The recruiting and selecting has so many responsibilities to go thorough from a vacancy arising to planning and preparing a job to selecting the right candidate. One of the main issues of this process is the selecting as it does not show much expertise. These are all the aspects of having a fair treatment in the employability, this is what brings in the public view of the organisation of being a well structured company.

Eulogy for Daughter :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Daughter My Dear Charity, Where do I start?   How do I begin a farewell when I still can't believe you're gone?   How do I say goodbye to a part of my soul? The day you were born I felt this indescribable love.   One I had never known before.   From the beginning of your life I never knew I could have a love that was so strong.   When you were an infant I told people how great you were and they said, "Yeah, but wait until she is two."   When you were two I told people how great you were and they said, "Yeah, but wait until she is ten."   When you were ten I told people how great you were and they said, "Yeah, but just wait until she is 16."   And now you are 16 and I am telling people how great you are. You came into my life and changed me forever.   Over the years people have complimented me for being a good mother but I can't take credit for that.   You were born good and you were the one who was often teaching me.   I believe you are an angel God sent to teach me.   You taught me love.   You taught me honesty.   You taught me how to forgive and how to be strong.   You are the strongest person I have ever known and you gave me strength when I was weak.   When times were sad and tough I looked to you for strength.   You taught me how to be myself.   Most of all you taught me about life and how to live. When you got sick and the doctors told me I should hold you back you taught me it was more important to feel and grow like any other child than to have me hide you under my wing.    It was more important to live.   And that you did.   You danced so beautifully, for years.   And then your greatest joy, cheerleading.   You made me so proud.   You have always been my greatest pride and joy.   I'm not sure how I can live this life without you.   Remember when you would cry and tell me you were so afraid because you didn't want me to die before you.   And I would tell you I wasn't going to die.   And remember me saying you couldn't die before me, so we agreed, we had to go at the same time because neither of us could live without the other.

Patients With Musculoskeletal Disorders Health And Social Care Essay

Jane Doe, a 22-year-old patient with no old medical history, nowadayss to the exigency section with ailment of low back hurting after stealing on a wet floor at work and falling. The patient states that the hurting is changeless hurting and radiates down both legs ( sciatica ) . The MRI shows pulled musculuss and ligaments environing the L4- L5 country. The exigency doctor provides the undermentioned discharge orders: Bed remainder with bathroom privileges for two yearss. Apply ice battalion to take down back for 20 proceedingss several times a twenty-four hours for the first 48 hours, and so get downing twenty-four hours three and on, use a warming tablet for 20 proceedingss on and 20 proceedingss off several times per twenty-four hours for the following several yearss as needed to alleviate hurting. Take 400 milligram of ibuprofen every six hours and 5 milligrams Flexeril ( Flexeril ) t.i.d. After two yearss of bed remainder, sit in chair three times per twenty-four hours for no mo re than 20 proceedingss. Ambulate around place and pace as tolerated, bit by bit increasing activity. Avoid distortion, bending, or making for objects. Avoid raising anything more than 5 lbs of weight for one hebdomad. See physician in one hebdomad for farther rating.Explain the principle for the disposal of ice for 48 hours followed by the application of heat.Explain the principle for the disposal of the isobutylphenyl propionic acid and musculus relaxer.What are the expected patient results for the patient in this instance survey?Case Study 2John Tuliro, a 32-year-old patient, is admitted to the medical-surgical unit after a gunshot lesion of the right lower leg infected with staphylococci was debrided. The patient is diagnosed with osteomyelitis. The patient ‘s right lower leg is warm to touch and dropsical, and the patient states that the appendage has a changeless pulsating hurting that increases with any motion of the leg. The patient ‘s sed rate and leucocyte rate s are elevated. The physician orders the followers for the patient: Admit to medical unit with critical marks every four hours Bed remainder Elevate affected leg on pillows above the degree of the bosom Warm sterile saline soaks for 20 proceedingss t.i.d. with wet-to-dry dressing alteration Levofloxacin ( Levaquin ) 750 milligram IVPB every twenty-four hours Renal profile, CBC with differential in A.M. Regular diet with high-protein addendum shingles Vitamin C 250 milligram Po b.i.d. Meperidine ( Demerol ) 100 milligram Po every four hours Docusate Na ( Colace ) 100 milligram b.i.d.The patient asks the nurse why he has to remain in bed. The nurse should supply what principle for this step?What nursing intercessions should the nurse provide the patient?( Individual )DISCUSS INDIVIDUAL AND LIFESTYLE RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSISThe followers are the hazard factors of Osteoporosis: Geneticss – White or Asiatic, Female, Family History, Small Frame – Predisposes to moo bone mass Age – Postmenopause, Advanced Age, Low testosterone in work forces, decreased calcitonin – Hormones ( estrogen, calcitonin, and testosterone ) inhibit bone loss Nutrition – Low Calcium Intake, Low Vitamin D Intake, High Phosphate Intake, Inadequate Calories – Reduces foods needed for bone remodeling Physical Exercise – Sedentary, Lack of Weight Bearing Exercises, Low Weight and Body Mass Index – Boness needs emphasis for bone care Lifestyle Choices – Caffeine, Alcohol, Smoking, Lack of exposure to Sunlight – Reduces osteogenesis in bone remodeling Medicines – Cortocosteroids, antiseizure medicines, Lipo-Hepin, thyroid endocrine – affects calcium soaking up and metamorphosis Comorbidity – Anorexia Nervosa, Hyperthyroidism, Malabsorption Syndrome. Renal Failure – Affects calcium soaking up and metablosim Hormonal fluctuations are one of the grounds for gender differences when it comes to the development of osteoporosis. In adult females, estrogen has a function in relation to osteoporosis, while testosterone, estrogen and other endocrines in work forces besides relate to this. Besides, menopausal period in adult females histories for osteoporosis, low endogenous estrogen degrees increases the hazard. Lifestyle factors such as smoke, imbibing intoxicant and sedentary activities, besides increases the hazard for osteoporosis. Nutritional factors that increase the hazard, includes the undermentioned: day-to-day consumption that is less than 1000 – 1500 milligram of Ca and 400 – 600 International units of Vit. D. Eating high protein diet, imbibing caffeine, Na and P has negative consequence on Ca balance in the organic structure, hence, increasing hazard for osteoporosis. There are certain medicines that can impact bone remodeling, and increase hazard for secondary osteoporosis.DISCUSS THE DIFFERENCES IN MEDICAL MANAGEMENT FOR PRIMARY BONE TUMORS VERSUS METASTATIC BONE DISEASE.Primary bone tumour ‘s end of intervention is to destruct or take the tumour. It is accomplished by surgical exersion, radiation therapy if the tumour is radiosensitive, and chemotherapy. Limb-sparing processs are used to take the tumour and next tissue. Replacement of the affected tissue is really of import. This can be done through the undermentioned: customized prosthetic device, entire joint arthroplasty or bone tissue from the patient ( autoplasty ) or from cadaver giver ( homograft ) . Surgical remotion of the affected portion may necessitate amputation. To forestall metastasis of malignant bone tumour, chemotherapy is started before and continued after surgery, to eliminate micromestatic lesions. Alleviative direction is the intervention for metastatic bone malignant neoplastic disease. Its end is to alleviate hurting and uncomfortableness while advancing quality of life. Structural support and stabilisation is needed to forestall break, as the bone weakens. Contraceptive internal arrested development helps beef up big castanetss with metastatic lesions.DISCUSS CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PAGET ‘S DISEASE, AND ITS PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR EACH.Paget ‘s disease are ab initio symptomless. The castanetss that are normally involved include the vertebrae, pelvic girdle, braincase, breastbone and proximal terminals of the long castanetss. Diagnosis of this disease is made by studies of bone hurting or malformation, through X ray or by sensing of elevated serum alkaline phosphate degrees found though biochemical testing. The followers are the most common ailments of patients who are enduring from Paget ‘s disease such as hurting. Skeletal malformation, and alteration in skin temperature. Joint disfunction may ensue from harm to gristle and degenerative arthritis. Bone hurting frequently occurs at dark, which is a consequence of increased force per unit area on the periosteum or associated hyperaemia. Other manifestations that can happen include lessened mobility and unsteady pace. Neurological complications can besides happen which is caused by nervus root compaction or nervus entrapment. These constructions are next to pagetic bone near a nervus hiatuss or canal. Common clinical manifestation of Paget ‘s disease is assorted sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. Low back hurting can besides happen because of vertebral organic structure and facet expansions, loss of lumbar hollow-back, dorsal humpback, spinal encroachment and altered pace kineticss. The short term aim in handling Paget ‘s disease is to relieve the associated bone hurting, while the long term aim, is to relieve the patterned advance of the disease. The pharmacologic therapy includes calcitonin, plimamycin, and Ga nitrate, and the biphosphonates. The chief end of this therapy is to command the disease activity, normalize biochemical parametric quantities and to better the symptoms.LIST REHABILITATION AND HEALTH EDUCATION STRATEGIES USED FOR PATIENT WITH LOW BACK PAIN.A comprehensive rehabilitation should include a careful rating for a specific end and interventions based on best grounds are exercising, cognitive behavioural intervention, wellness instruction and others. We should teach the patient to avoid return of the followers: Standing, sitting, lying and raising decently are necessary for a healthy dorsum. Alternate periods of activity with periods of remainder. Avoid prolonged sitting, standing and driving. Change places and remainder at frequent intervals. Avoid presuming tense, cramped places. Sit in a straight-back chair with the articulatio genuss somewhat higher than the hips. Use footrest if necessary. Flatten the hollow back by sitting with the natess tucked under. Pelvic tilt lessenings hollow-back. Avoid articulatio genus and hip extension. When driving a auto, have the place pushed frontward as necessary for comfort. Put a shock absorber in the little of the dorsum for support. When standing for any length of clip, rest one pes on a little stool or platform to alleviate lumbar lurdosis. Avoid weariness, which contributes to spasm of back musculuss. Use good organic structure mechanics when lifting and traveling approximately. Daily exercising is of import in the bar of back jobs. Make prescribed back exercisings twice daily strengthens back, leg, and abdominal musculuss. Walking out-of-doorss is recommended. Reduce weight if necessary lessenings strain on back musculuss.IDENTIFY COMMON FOOT DISORDERS. IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC STRUCTURE INVOLVED.Common Foot Disorders: Plantar Fascitis – it is a plantar heel hurting, which evolves from the bone ( list goad ) or plantar facia. Morton ‘s Neuroma – It is the annoyance and devolution of the digital nervousnesss in the toes that produces a painful mass near the country of metatarsals. Hallux Disorders: Valgus, Rigidus, and Sprains – Acute hurt to the ligaments and capsule of the MTP articulation. Lateral divergence of the first toe greater than the the normal angle of 15 grades between the tarsus and metatarsus This may take to a painful prominence of the medical facet of the MTP articulation. Degenerative status of the first MTP articulation taking to trouble and stiffness.DISCUSS THE INVOLVEMENT OF VITAMIN D IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOMALACIA. IDENTIFY TREATMENT RELATED TO CAUSE.Vitamin D lack is the most common cause of osteomalacia. Essential for Ca and P metamorphosis is Vitamin D, it is the critical elements in mineralization of the bone. The major beginning of Vitamin D is synthesis in the tegument exposed to sunlight. Dietary alteration is needed by eating nutrient rich in Vitamin D, such as fatty fish oils, liver and egg yolks. Vitamin D addendum is besides suggested.Develop A Plan OF CARE FOR AN ASSIGNED PATIENT WITH LOW BACK PAIN.Nursing Interven tion for Low Back Pain: Relieving Pain Advise patient to remain active and avoid bed remainder, in most instances. Keep pillow between flexed articulatio genuss while in side-lying place minimizes strain on dorsum musculuss Apply heat or ice as prescribed. Administer or learn self-administration of hurting medicines and musculus relaxant. Promoting Mobility Encourage ROM of all uninvolved musculus groups. Suggest gradual addition in activities and jumping activities with remainder in semi-fowler ‘s place. Avoid prolonged periods of sitting, standing, or lying down. Promote patient to discourse jobs that may be lending to backache. Promote patient to make order back exercisings. Exercise keeps postural musculuss strong, helps recondition the dorsum and abdominal muscular structure, a and serves as an mercantile establishment for emotional tenseness.Give A TEMPLATE, COMPLETE A DISEASE MAP ON A PATIENT WITH CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME.Picture1.pngComplete A THEORETICAL CASE STUDY ON AN ACTUAL CLINICAL PATIENT WITH OSTEOMYELITIS.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/44830270/Osteomyelitis-Case-Study( Web Assignments )USING THE INTERNET, RESEARCH LITERATURE ADDRESSING MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS. IDENTIFY NEW MEDICATIONS ON THE Market TO TREAT THIS DISEASE.Linkss:hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC493281/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/news/20100602/fda-approves-prolia-for-high-risk-osteoporosis As the basic aim of forestalling the advancement of osteoporosis to a patient is to minimise bone break, direction of osteoporosis is discussed in this article through many ways changing on the patient ‘s degree of break hazard. Prevention in a non medical therapy was described as holding good nutrition, healthy life style and autumn bar. Exercise and the assistance of vitamin D addendums can really assist in forestalling or decreasing the hazard of osteoporosis. Medical intervention on the other manus comes in many signifiers ; as it is to be administered based on the guidelines for get downing pharmacologic therapy. Medicines for osteoporosis direction are classified in to two, the antiresorptive agents and anabolic agents, both of which moving as agents to cut down break hazard. In the following article, a freshly approved intervention was released and approved for the direction of osteoporosis. Prolia is a biological, lab-induced intervention that is said to hold the ability to demobilize the organic structure bone ‘s breakdown mechanism. It was approved under specified types of interventions though. It can merely be administered to patients of station menopausal phase and has a high hazard of bone break caused by osteoporosis. Or to patients who already had osteoporosis interventions but had failed. Or in conclusion, to patients who ca n't digest other osteoporosis interventions. What this intervention does is to decelerate down the procedure of bone dislocation, doing the patient less susceptible to cram break. In malice of the advantages of the said intervention though, side effects to this intervention besides has its downsides. Most common of which is the patients experiencing back, musculus, and bone strivings. It is through this ground that pat ients with low degrees of Ca were besides prevented to utilize this sort of interventionFind A REASEARCH ARTICLE COMPARING PRIMARY BONE TUMORS TO METASTATIC BONE TUMORS. SUMMARIZE IN TERMS OF MANAGEMENT.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec04/ch044/ch044d.html Primary & A ; metastatic bone tumours fundamentally differ from its beginning. As primary tumour are defined as tumours which have started from the bone itself, metastatic tumours, besides known as secondary tumours are defined as tumours which have originated from another parts of the organic structure that had resulted to or affected the bone every bit good. As primary bone tumours are treated the same as with other tumours found in the other parts of the organic structure. Patients besides undergo radiation and chemotherapy every bit good as surgery. For painful vertebral break, Kyphoplasty or vertebraplasty are besides considered as options to relieve hurting. Metastatic bone tumours on the other are treated the same as with primary bone tumours though since it has its beginning from a different country, intervention are to be considered depending on how it will impact the full organic structure of the patient or all of which that is with tumour ( chest, lung, prostate, etc. )

Response to William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience

INNOCENCE v EXPERIENCE 109 UWA 2012 William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience was combined in 1794. Having compiled Songs of Innocence in 1789, Blake intended that he was writing happy rhymes that all children may enjoy (Norton Anthology pg 118 footnote 1). Not all the poems reflect a happy stance, many incorporate injustice, evil and suffering. Blake represents these aspects of the world through the eyes of ‘innocence’. In contrary Blake’s Songs of Experience were written as ugly and terrifying versions of the same world.These poems were used to reflect a ghastly representation of the world as one of poverty, disease and war. The Songs of Innocence were penned around the end of the American Revolution and the start of the French Revolution, although Blake would have worked on them for years prior. The Songs of Experience were etched during the middle and toward the end of the revolution and reflect how the poet’s view of the world had bee n affected and changed by the horrific events. Blake’s work is a compilation of a number of ‘songs’.Although each can stand as an independent poem many from Songs of Innocence have a pair in Songs of Experience such as â€Å"Infant Joy† – â€Å"Infant Sorrow†, â€Å"The Lamb† – â€Å"The Tyger† and â€Å"The Ecchoing Green† – â€Å"The Earth’s Answer. † Taking â€Å"Infant Joy,† from Songs of Innocence, it is told from the perspective of a baby â€Å"but two days old. † The baby is perceived as happy and joyous through lines such as â€Å"joy is my name/Sweet joy befall thee! † and plays on the common ideology that infants are happy and loveable.Yet, its counterpart â€Å"Infant Sorrow,† from Songs of Experience, still told from the perspective of the new born, presents the harsh reality of child birth: â€Å"My mother groand! My father wept. /Into the dangerous wor ld I leapt. † The organisation of the work in this way presents two contrasting views of the world from the same perspective. I believe that the main problem that motivates Blake appears to be the comparison between childhood innocence and what we really experience in the world. The modern idea of wearing ‘rose tinted glasses’ springs to mind, in the sense that as a child we view the world as this magnificent, beautiful nd happy place but as we grow and learn more about ourselves and the world our experiences begin to taint that ‘innocent’ view and the world becomes ugly, harsh and cruel. The primary focus of Blake’s work is to create contrast between the fanciful, innocent view of the unjust, evil and suffering world and the harsh reality that suffering, war, poverty and disease really bring. These songs would have been read to children and it can be presumed that it was Blake’s attempt to teach them something about the world in which t hey were living through engaging their imaginations with his use of poetry.

A Look into Beauty and Femininity

Watching men in films and television advertisements shaving their hairs in their head, armpits and other parts of the body appears to be quite a familiar scene. It does not, in any literal or figurative sense, compel the viewer such as the common individual to rise up in arms and protest against it as it may produce a reason for the person to condemn whatever it is that disgraces the society. It all seems normal to think that these manly instances aired in the mass media brings no air of gloom or any hint of an untoward attitude against them.Quite on the contrary, it seems appalling to view women indecently exposing their hairs and shaving them off like men usually do especially in the broadcast media. Emotions tend to flare up and curse these instances as if it was something new. Indeed, the society's perception of these cases is something relatively new. Much of these have something to do with the way the society is setup throughout the ages—the patriarchal society has dicta ted the very definitions of what is acceptable from what is not in terms of gender preferences.To a certain extent, it does surprise me to be able to watch women parading their hairs right in front of the camera and shaving, pulling their excess hair—whichever way that suits them—as if it was a mandatory ritual needed to proclaim before the society how womanly they are with the way they trim their excess hairs. It is funny to think women behaving that way. But what is even more hilarious is the fact that all these times I thought women were feminine and are expected to keep themselves clean and hairless, so to speak, then here comes a bunch of men doing what women are expected to do.What do these tell us? These tell us that there is more than meets the eye. The feeling of being surprised indicates that someone experienced something quite bizarre, unusual, or even life-changing. At some point, much of these indicators will tell us that women have become the ‘laugh ing stock' or, at least, the basin of the lowliest sensibilities of mankind. This is not to say that women are indeed expected to be that way.Quite on the contrary, there is no reason to believe that women ought to be that way for the reason that gender should not exclude nor prevent one from freely exercising one's right to live one's life. Apart from the patriarchal setup the society has been placed into like a trap, the fainting presence of women in the past days have alluded to a grander and more indicting scenario—we have women cleaning themselves live in television advertisements and programs and we laugh at them, as if purifying one's self is a laughable mortal sin.This should not be the case. To my surprise, however, a certain level of intolerance permeates what has become the melting pot of gender roles—mass media. While mass media have broken ancient boundaries which isolate one man or woman from another, it has also widened the breach between what is reasona bly acceptable from what is not. There can be no fitting word other than confusion, I think, which best befits the attitude of one towards women merely sanitizing and maintaining their feminine image. What could be so wrong with that?Aren't we surprised to see men doing the same thing women are more expected to do? For social intolerance and patriarchy's sake, some reasons do come cheap. I wouldn't be surprised anymore to see women doing the same thing these days. I'd be surprised to see men cajoling themselves with scissors and wax in front of national television. It will be surprising, hilarious, and profane nonetheless. I have a feeling somewhere across the globe people are being surprised with what they see in the broadcast media.Laughing, perhaps, upon seeing a woman cleaning herself, these people shallowly half-realize an empty joke that is never to be found in a world of pure and sheer equality. But women will be women, and so will men be of their kind. Inequality looms in a world surprised to see human nature become as it is. Reference Saltzberg, Elayne A. , and Joan C. Chrisler. â€Å"Beauty Is the Beast: Psychological Effects of the Pursuit of the Perfect Female Body. † Women: A Feminist Perspective. Ed. Jo Freeman. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1995. 167-74.

OPERATIONS MANGEMENT PROJECT- NEW BUSINESS Assignment

OPERATIONS MANGEMENT PROJECT- NEW BUSINESS - Assignment Example The company will first target supermarkets and large retail stores and building management business so as to establish a solid base of clients in Dubai. TESCO Security Company will carefully increase its employee base of security guards, basing on the contracts of clients, and employ both part-time and full-time security guards. The business anticipates good amount of sales during the first one year, and almost double by the end of the third year. Gross margins will be same to the average of the industry, basing on the security guard labor costs vs. billings. After launching the initial investment, a lean first year, and the formation of a training space and office in the second year, the company will be on the edge of expanding through its own internal source of finance after the end of three years. After the business is proved to be successful in other cities, the business may sell its shares to provide an exit strategy for the original founders and investors. TESCO Security will eliminate worries for customers who needs security guards for their facilities, buildings, and events by offering excellent customer services for customers and comprehensive training for their staff Intrinsic forecasting technique ­- comprises of qualitative and quantitative methods. In qualitative method, forecasting is based on subjective method in case of qualitative data is absent. It is based on opinions, best guesses and personal judgment. Contrary, quantitative forecasting is based on formulas and mathematical models. This model believes that what happened in the past will likely happen in the future. The ability to carry out accurate forecasting affects the profitability of our business. Furthermore, the ability to enhance the demand forecasting for client demand then sharing the information downstream allows effective arrangement and

The Impact of the Shortage of Affordable Housing on Homelessness Essay

The Impact of the Shortage of Affordable Housing on Homelessness - Essay Example Of this goes up housing is considered expensive and creates problems hardships for the family or individual. Affordable housing can be defined as a housing scheme which costs a household a maximum 30% of their incomes. If the cost of housing increases beyond 30% then the families are considered to be in a position where they have difficulty in affording all the basic necessities of life which includes food, shelter, medical care and transport facilities. In the United States, a number as large as 2 million are burdened with basic necessities of life as they are paying more than 50% for their housing cost out of their annual salary. This is to say that a household with one bread owner who earns a minimum wage can in n o way afford a two bedroom house/apartment in accordance with the prices prevailing in the market. (Development, 2008 ) Intermediate housing is that kind of housing in which the rent paid by the tenant is lower than the market price but it is higher than the social rent. It does not include low cost market housing but shared equity products in addition to intermediate rent are included. Over the years, the budget of the US Housing Urban Development (HUD) has decreased by a substantial amount. From $83 billion in 1976 it dropped to around $ 18 billion in 1983 and has been around $30 billion ever since. There were around 400,000 affordable housing units in 1976 and by 2002 only 25,900 were left. Still the HID added only a mere 7,635. This is very less with respect to the demand and over the years the number of households or people in need for affordable housing have increased rather than decreased. (Council, 2007) More than 60% of extremely low-income households spend more than 30% of their income on housing - exceeding HUD's affordability standard. (Without Housing: Decades of Federal Housing Cutbacks Massive Homelessness and Policy Failures.) According to HUD standards, housing that costs half or more of household income is severely unaffordable or "a severe cost burden." (Development U. D., 2003) The cost of renting a house is beyond the financial capacity of a lot of people in United States today. As the income remains constant, the housing rents have shot up. Hence there is a big gap between increase in spending and more or less no significant increase in the amount of money earned by individuals making it more difficult for the low income brackets to afford a house on a rental basis. Shortage of affordable housing increased to a great extent the risk of homelessness. Some of the policies on affordable housing include the local authorities should in advance plan out the housing needs of their community or jurisdiction including those who cannot afford it easily. A community should be planned in such a way that it should have a mix of housing which accommodates those who can afford bid houses as well as those sectors who need affordable prices. Regional Planning Guidance for Yorkshire and the Humber to 2016 (RPG12) outlines its approach to affordable housing in Policy H4 Housing Size, Type and Affordability. The policy requires targets for the provision of affordable housing in each district to be informed by evidence from local

Microorganism in food industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Microorganism in food industry - Research Paper Example Understanding these will possibly lead to much of the food production processes becoming shorter and less time consuming and will lead to less waste being produced. Some examples of foods that are produced using microorganisms include wine, cheese and bread. This paper will attempt to take a look at the microorganisms used in each of these foods and attempt to explain some of the mechanisms they utilise to achieve the result that humans desire. Winemaking Yeast in Wine Wine is a popular beverage where microorganisms play an important part. Wine has been consumed by humans for thousands of years (Okamura et al,1596) and the exact science of the wine making process is still being decoded. The quality of a wine is determined by whether the taste of that wine is original, the finesse, intensity of taste and by the microbiological and physicochemical stability (Dubourdieu, 1986; Noble, 1988; Rapp and Mandery, 1986; Schreier, 1979 of Colagrande, Silva and Fumi, 2) (Refer fig1). The microbi ology behind the wine making process was only established less than 2 centuries ago by the work of Louis Pasteur (Bakalinsky and Penner, 1993 from Okamura et al,1596, Colagrande, Silva and Fumi,2). Yeasts are used extensively in wine making. There are approximately 700 species of yeast and sixteen of these species have been used in the process of making wine. These include Brettanomyces, Dekkera, Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces, Hanseniaspora, Kloeckera, Kluyveromyces, Metschnikowia, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Saccharomycodes, Schizosaccharomyces, Torulaspora and Zygosaccharomyces (Pretorius et al, 1999 of Swiegers et al, 142). Saccharomyces cerevisae is one of the most commonly used organisms for producing wine though other such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes and Agaricus blazei have recently been exploited (Okamura et al, 1596). A specific variety of grape can be exploited to produce some qualities of wines such as the distinctive smell (Dubourdieu 2000, Lambrechts and Pretorius 2000, Guth and Sies 2002, Swiegers and Pretorius 2005 of Swiegers et al, 142). Some of these distinctive volatile compounds which cause properties of a wine like smell arise from grapes. However, several are due to the action of yeast and bacteria during the production of wine. Taste is also greatly affected by the bacteria and yeast used during wine (Schreier, 1979; Simpson, 1979; Williams et al, 1989; Etievant 1991, Guth, 1998; Boulton et al, 1998; Rapp,1998; Dubourdieu, 2000; Ferreira et al, 2000; Lambrechts and Pretorius, 2000; Ribereau-Gayon et al, 2000a,b; Ortega et al, 2001; Guth and Sies, 2002 of Swiegers et al, 141). Grapes can only support the proliferation of few microorganisms (Henschke, 1997 of Swiegers et al, 142). This has been attributed mainly due to the selective pressure on the microorganisms due to the high content of sugar and the low pH of grape (Swiegers et al, 142). In addition, sulphur dioxide is usually added to the mixture during wine making and this adds even more selectivity to the microorganisms that can grow. Usually, oxidative microorganisms that may be harmful are limited due to the sulphur dioxide (Swiegers et al, 142). Once anaerobic conditions start to predominate during the winemaking process, even more microorganisms find the conditions unfavourable for growth and the production of ethanol further limits the types of microorganisms th